wdiff draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-04.txt draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-05.txt

Network Working Group A. Petrescu
Internet-Draft CEA, LIST
Intended status: Standards Track N. Benamar
Expires: February 18, March 14, 2018 Moulay Ismail University
J. Haerri
Eurecom
C. Huitema
Private Octopus Inc.
J. Lee
Sangmyung University
T. Ernst
YoGoKo
T. Li
Peloton Technology
August 17,
September 10, 2017

Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.11 Networks operating in mode
Outside the Context of a Basic Service Set (IPv6-over-80211ocb)
draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-04.txt (IPv6-over-80211-OCB)
draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-05.txt

Abstract

In order to transmit IPv6 packets on IEEE 802.11 networks run outside
the context of a basic service set (OCB, earlier "802.11p") there is
a need to define a few parameters such as the recommended supported Maximum
Transmission Unit size, size on the 802.11-OCB link, the header format
preceding the IPv6 header, the Type value within it, and others.
This document describes these parameters for IPv6 and IEEE 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB
networks; it portrays the layering of IPv6 on 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB similarly to
other known 802.11 and Ethernet layers - by using an Ethernet
Adaptation Layer.

In addition, the document attempts to list lists what is different in
802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB
(802.11p) links compared to more 'traditional' 802.11a/b/g/n
layers, layers over which links,
where IPv6 protocols operates operate without issues. Most notably, the
operation outside the context of a BSS (OCB) has impact on IPv6
handover behaviour and on IPv6 security.

An example of an IPv6 packet captured while transmitted over an IEEE
802.11 OCB link (802.11p) is given.

Status of This Memo

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6
3. Communication Scenarios where IEEE 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB Links are Used 6
4. Aspects introduced by the OCB mode to 802.11 . . . . . . . . 6 7
5. Layering of IPv6 over 802.11-OCB as over Ethernet . . . . . . 10 11
5.1. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11
5.2. Frame Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2.1. Ethernet Adaptation Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13
5.3. Link-Local Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14
5.4. Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4.1. Address Mapping -- Unicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.4.2. Address Mapping -- Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 15
5.5. Stateless Autoconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 16
5.6. Subnet Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6. Example IPv6 Packet captured over a IEEE 802.11-OCB link . . 16
6.1. Capture in Monitor Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.2. Capture in Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8. 17
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. 18
8. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10. 18
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
11. 18
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11.1. 19
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
11.2. 19
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 21
Appendix A. ChangeLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 24
Appendix B. Changes Needed on a software driver 802.11a to
become a 802.11-OCB driver . . . 28 27

Appendix C. Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 28
C.1. Vehicle ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 28
C.2. Reliability Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 29
C.3. Multiple interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 30
C.4. MAC Address Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 30
Appendix D. IEEE 802.11 Messages Transmitted in OCB mode . . . . 31
Appendix E. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
E.1. Capture in Monitor Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
E.2. Capture in Normal Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 36

1. Introduction

This document describes the transmission of IPv6 packets on IEEE Std
802.11 OCB
802.11-OCB networks (earlier known as 802.11p). 802.11p) [IEEE-802.11-2012].
This involves the layering of IPv6 networking on top of the IEEE
802.11 MAC layer (with an LLC layer). Compared to running IPv6 over
the Ethernet MAC layer, there is no modification required to the
standards: IPv6 works fine directly over 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB too (with an LLC
layer).

The term "802.11p" is an earlier definition. As of year 2012, the
behaviour of "802.11p" networks has been rolled in the document IEEE
Std 802.11-2012. In this that document the term 802.11p disappears.
Instead, each 802.11p feature is conditioned by a flag in the
Management Information Base. That flag is named "OCBActivated".
Whenever OCBActivated is set to true the feature it relates to
represents to, or
represents, an earlier 802.11p feature. For example, an 802.11
STAtion operating outside the context of a basic service set has the
OCBActivated flag set. Such a station, when it has the flag set, it
uses a BSS identifier equal to ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.

In the following text we use the term "802.11p" to mean 802.11-2012
OCB.

The IPv6 network layer operates on 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB in the same manner as
it operates on 802.11 WiFi, with a few particular exceptions. The
IPv6 network layer operates on WiFi by involving an Ethernet
Adaptation Layer; this Ethernet Adaptation Layer maps 802.11 headers
to Ethernet II headers. The operation of IP on Ethernet is described
in [RFC1042] [RFC1042], [RFC2464] and [RFC2464]. [I-D.hinden-6man-rfc2464bis]. The
situation of IPv6 networking layer on Ethernet Adaptation Layer is
illustrated below:

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ethernet Adaptation Layer |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 802.11 WiFi MAC |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 802.11 WiFi PHY |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

(in the above figure, a WiFi profile is represented; this is used
also for OCB profile.)

A more theoretical and detailed view of layer stacking, and
interfaces between the IP layer and 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB layers, is illustrated
below. The IP layer operates on top of the EtherType Protocol
Discrimination (EPD); this Discrimination layer is described in IEEE
Std 802.3-2012; the interface between IPv6 and EPD is the LLC_SAP
(Link Layer Control Service Accesss Point).

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-{ }+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
{ LLC_SAP } 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB
+-+-+-+-+-+-{ }+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Boundary
| EPD | | |
| | MLME | |
+-+-+-{ MAC_SAP }+-+-+-| MLME_SAP |
| MAC Sublayer | | | 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB
| and ch. coord. | | SME | Services
+-+-+-{ PHY_SAP }+-+-+-+-+-+-+-| |
| | PLME | |
| PHY Layer | PLME_SAP |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

In addition to the description of interface between IP and MAC using
"Ethernet Adaptation Layer" and "Ethernet Protocol Discrimination
(EPD)" it is worth mentioning that SNAP [RFC1042] is used to carry
the IPv6 Ethertype.

However, there may be some deployment considerations helping optimize
the performances of running IPv6 over 802.11-OCB (e.g. in the case of
handovers between 802.11 OCB-enabled 802.11-OCB-enabled access routers, or the
consideration of using the IP security layer architecture [RFC4301]).

There are currently no specifications for handover between OCB links
since these are currently specified as LLC-1 links (i.e.
connectionless). Any handovers must be performed above the Data Link
Layer. Also, while To realize handovers between OCB links there is a need of
specific indicators to assist in the handover process. The
indicators may be IP Router Advertisements, or 802.11-OCB's Time
Advertisements, or higher layer messages such as the 'Basic Safety
Message' (in the US), or the 'Cooperative Awareness Message' (in the
EU), or the 'WAVE Routing Advertisement'. However, this document
does not describe handover behaviour.

The OCB operation is stripping off all existing 802.11 link-layer
security mechanisms. There is no encryption applied below the
network layer using 802.11p, running on 802.11-OCB. At application layer, the IEEE
1609.2 [ieee1609.2] document [IEEE-1609.2] does provide security services for
certain applications to use so that there can easily be use. A security mechanism provided at
networking layer, such as IPsec [RFC4301], may provide data security over
protection to a wider range of applications. See the air without invoking IPsec. section
Security Considerations of this document, Section 6

We briefly introduce the vehicular communication scenarios where IEEE
802.11-OCB links are used. This is followed by a description of
differences in specification terms, between 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB and
802.11a/b/g/n (and - we answer the question of what are the aspects
introduced by OCB mode to 802.11; the same differences aspects, but expressed in
terms of requirements to software implementation implementation, are listed in Appendix B.)

The document then concentrates on the parameters of layering IP over
802.11 OCB
802.11-OCB as over Ethernet: value of MTU, the contents of Frame
Format, Format which
includes a description of an Ethernet Adaptation Layer, the forming
of Link-Local Addresses the rules for forming Interface Identifiers, the mechanism Identifiers
for Address Mapping and Stateless Autoconfiguration, the mechanisms for State-less Address Auto-configuration. Mapping.
These are precisely the same as IPv6 over Ethernet [RFC2464]. A
reference is made to ad-hoc networking characteristics of the subnet
structure in OCB mode.

As an example, these characteristics of layering IPv6 straight over
LLC over 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB MAC are illustrated by dissecting an IPv6 packet
captured over a 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB link; this is described in the section
Section 6.

A couple of points can
Appendix E.

In the published literature, many documents describe aspects related
to running IPv6 over 802.11-OCB:
[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey].

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be considered interpreted as different, although they are
not required described in order RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

OBU (On-Board Unit): contrary to have a working implementation of IPv6-over-
802.11-OCB. These points are consequences of the OCB operation which an RSU, an OBU is particular to 802.11 OCB (Outside the Context of almost always
situated in a BSS). First,
the handovers between OCB links need specific behaviour for vehicle; it is a computer with at least two IP Router
Advertisements, or otherwise 802.11 OCB's Time Advertisement, or
interfaces; also, at least one IP interface runs in OCB mode of
higher layer messages such
802.11. It may be an IP router.

RSU (Road Side Unit): It is a Wireless Termination Point (WTP), as the 'Basic Safety Message' (in the US)
defined in [RFC5415], or the 'Cooperative Awareness Message' (in the EU) an Access Point (AP), or an Access Network
Router (ANR) defined in [RFC3753], with one key particularity: the 'WAVE
Routing Advertisement'; second, the IP security mechanisms are
necessary, since OCB means that 802.11 is stripped of all 802.11
link-layer security; a small additional security aspect which is
shared between 802.11 OCB and other 802.11 links
wireless PHY/MAC layer is the privacy
concerns related configured to operate in 802.11-OCB mode.
The RSU communicates with the address formation mechanisms.

In On board Unit (OBU) in the published literature, many documents describe aspects related
to running IPv6 vehicle over
802.11 OCB:
[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey].

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

RSU: Road Side Unit. A computer equipped with at least one IEEE
802.11 interface operated wireless link operating in OCB mode. This definition applies to
this document. An RSU may MAY be connected
to the Internet, and may be
equipped with additional wired or wireless network interfaces running
IP. An RSU MAY be an IP Router.

OCB: outside router. When it is connected to
the Internet, the term V2I (Vehicle to Internet) is relevant.

OCB (outside the context of a basic service set (BSS): - BSS): A mode of
operation in which a STA is not a member of a BSS and does not
utilize IEEE Std 802.11 authentication, association, or data
confidentiality.

802.11-OCB, or 802.11 OCB: 802.11-OCB: text in document IEEE 802.11-2012 that is
flagged by "dot11OCBActivated". This means: The text flagged "dot11OCBActivated"
includes IEEE 802.11e for quality of service; service, 802.11j-2004 for half-clocked operations; half-
clocked operations and (what was known earlier as) 802.11p for
operation in the 5.9 GHz band and in mode OCB.

3. Communication Scenarios where IEEE 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB Links are Used

The IEEE 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB Networks are used for vehicular communications,
as 'Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments'. The IP communication
scenarios for these environments have been described in several
documents, among which we refer the reader to one recently updated
[I-D.petrescu-its-scenarios-reqs], about scenarios and requirements
for IP in Intelligent Transportation Systems.

4. Aspects introduced by

The link model is the OCB mode to 802.11 following: STA --- 802.11-OCB --- STA. In the IEEE 802.11 OCB mode, all
vehicular networks, STAs can be RSUs and/or OBUs. While 802.11-OCB
is clearly specified, and the use of IPv6 over such link is not
radically new, the operating environment (vehicular networks) brings
in new perspectives.

The 802.11-OCB links form and terminate; nodes connected to these
links peer, and discover each other; the nodes are mobile. However,
the precise description of how links discover each other, peer and
manage mobility is not given in this document.

4. Aspects introduced by the OCB mode to 802.11

In the IEEE 802.11-OCB mode, all nodes in the wireless range can
directly communicate with each other without authentication/ involving authentication
or association procedures. At link layer, it is necessary to set a
same channel number (or frequency) on two stations that need to
communicate with each other. Stations STA1 and STA2 can exchange IP
packets if they are set on the same channel. At IP layer, they then
discover each other by using the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol.

Briefly, the IEEE 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB mode has the following properties:

o The use by each node of a 'wildcard' BSSID (i.e., each bit of the
BSSID is set to 1)

o No IEEE 802.11 Beacon frames are transmitted

o No authentication is required in order to be able to communicate

o No association is needed in order to be able to communicate

o No encryption is provided in order to be able to communicate

o Flag dot11OCBActivated is set to true

All the nodes in the radio communication range (OBU and RSU) receive
all the messages transmitted (OBU and RSU) within the radio
communications range. The eventual conflict(s) are resolved by the
MAC CDMA function.

The following message exchange diagram illustrates a comparison
between traditional 802.11 and 802.11 in OCB mode. The 'Data'
messages can be IP messages packets such as the messages used in Stateless or
Stateful Address Auto-Configuration, HTTP or other IP messages. others. Other 802.11
management and control frames (non IP) may be transmitted, as
specified in the 802.11 standard. For information, the names of
these messages as currently specified by the 802.11 standard are
listed in Appendix D.

STA AP STA1 STA2
| | | |
|<------ Beacon -------| |<------ Data -------->|
| | | |
|---- Probe Req. ----->| |<------ Data -------->|
|<--- Probe Res. ------| | |
| | |<------ Data -------->|
|---- Auth Req. ------>| | |
|<--- Auth Res. -------| |<------ Data -------->|
| | | |
|---- Asso Req. ------>| |<------ Data -------->|
|<--- Asso Res. -------| | |
| | |<------ Data -------->|
|<------ Data -------->| | |
|<------ Data -------->| |<------ Data -------->|

(a) 802.11 Infrastructure mode (b) 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB mode

The link 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB was specified in IEEE Std 802.11p (TM) -2010
[ieee802.11p-2010]
[IEEE-802.11p-2010] as an amendment to IEEE Std 802.11 (TM) -2007,
titled "Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments".
Since then, this amendment has been included in IEEE 802.11(TM)-2012
[ieee802.11-2012],
[IEEE-802.11-2012], titled "IEEE Standard for Information technology--
Telecommunications
technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements
Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications"; the modifications are diffused throughout
various sections (e.g. the Time Advertisement message described in
the earlier 802.11 (TM) p amendment is now described in section
'Frame formats', and the operation outside the context of a BSS
described in section 'MLME').

In document 802.11-2012, specifically anything referring
"OCBActivated", or "outside the context of a basic service set" is
actually referring to the 802.11p OCB aspects introduced to 802.11. Note that in
earlier 802.11p documents the term "OCBEnabled" was used instead of te
the current "OCBActivated".

In order to delineate the aspects introduced by 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB to 802.11,
we refer to the earlier [ieee802.11p-2010]. [IEEE-802.11p-2010]. The amendment is
concerned with vehicular communications, where the wireless link is
similar to that of Wireless LAN (using a PHY layer specified by
802.11a/b/g/n), but which needs to cope with the high mobility factor
inherent in scenarios of communications between moving vehicles, and
between vehicles and fixed infrastructure deployed along roads.
While 'p' is a letter just like 'a, b, g' and 'n' are, 'p' is
concerned more with MAC modifications, and a little with PHY
modifications; the others are mainly about PHY modifications. It is
possible in practice to combine a 'p' MAC with an 'a' PHY by
operating outside the context of a BSS with OFDM at 5.4GHz.

The 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB links are specified to be compatible as much as
possible with the behaviour of 802.11a/b/g/n and future generation
IEEE WLAN links. From the IP perspective, an 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB MAC layer
offers practically the same interface to IP as the WiFi and Ethernet
layers do (802.11a/b/g/n and 802.3). A packet sent by an OBU may be
received by one or multiple RSUs. The link-layer resolution is
performed by using the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol.

To support this similarity statement (IPv6 is layered on top of LLC
on top of 802.11 OCB similarly as 802.11-OCB, in the same way that IPv6 is layered on top of
LLC on top of
802.11a/b/g/n, and as 802.11a/b/g/n (for WLAN) or layered on top of LLC on
top of 802.3) 802.3 (for Ethernet)) it is useful to analyze the differences
between 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB and 802.11 specifications.
Whereas the 802.11p amendment specifies relatively complex and
numerous During this analysis,
we note that whereas 802.11-OCB lists relatively complex and numerous
changes to the MAC layer (and very little to the PHY layer),
we note there
are only a few characteristics which may be important for an
implementation transmitting IPv6 packets on 802.11 OCB 802.11-OCB links.

In the list below, the only 802.11 OCB fundamental points

The most important 802.11-OCB point which
influence influences the IPv6 are
functioning is the OCB operation and characteristic; an additional, less direct
influence, is the 12Mbit/s maximum which
may be bandwidth afforded by the IPv6 applications. PHY modulation/
demodulation methods and channel access specified by 802.11-OCB. The
maximum bandwidth possible in 802.11-OCB is 12Mbit/s; this bandwidth
allows the operation of a wide range of protocols relying on IPv6.

o Operation Outside the Context of a BSS (OCB): the (earlier
802.11p) 802.11-OCB links are operated without a Basic Service Set
(BSS). This means that the frames IEEE 802.11 Beacon, Association
Request/Response, Authentication Request/Response, and similar,
are not used. The used identifier of BSS (BSSID) has a
hexadecimal value always 0xffffffffffff (48 '1' bits, represented
as MAC address ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, or otherwise the 'wildcard'
BSSID), as opposed to an arbitrary BSSID value set by
administrator (e.g. 'My-Home-AccessPoint'). The OCB operation -
namely the lack of beacon-based scanning and lack of
authentication - has a potentially strong impact on the use of should be taken into account when the Mobile IPv6
protocol [RFC6275] and on the protocols for IP layer security [RFC4301].
[RFC4301] are used. The way these protocols adapt to OCB is not
described in this document.

o Timing Advertisement: is a new message defined in 802.11-OCB,
which does not exist in 802.11a/b/g/n. This message is used by
stations to inform other stations about the value of time. It is
similar to the time as delivered by a GNSS system (Galileo, GPS,
...) or by a cellular system. This message is optional for
implementation. At the date of writing, an experienced reviewer
considers that currently no field testing has used this message.
Another implementor considers this feature implemented in an
initial manner. In the future, it is speculated that this message
may be useful for very simple devices which may not have their own
hardware source of time (Galileo, GPS, cellular network), or by
vehicular devices situated in areas not covered by such network
(in tunnels, underground, outdoors but shaded by foliage or
buildings, in remote areas, etc.)

o Frequency range: this is a characteristic of the PHY layer, with
almost no impact to the interface between MAC and IP. However, it
is worth considering that the frequency range is regulated by a
regional authority (ARCEP, ETSI, FCC, etc.); as part of the
regulation process, specific applications are associated with
specific frequency ranges. In the case of 802.11-OCB, the
regulator associates a set of frequency ranges, or slots within a
band, to the use of applications of vehicular communications, in a
band known as "5.9GHz". This The 5.9GHz band is "5.9GHz" which is different from the
2.4GHz and 5GHz bands "2.4GHz" or "5GHz" used by Wireless LAN. However, as with
Wireless LAN, the operation of 802.11-OCB in "5.9GHz" bands is
exempt from owning a license in EU (in US the 5.9GHz is a licensed
band of spectrum; for the the fixed infrastructure an explicit FCC
autorization is required; for an onboard device a
'licensed-by-rule' 'licensed-by-
rule' concept applies: rule certification conformity is required);
however technical conditions are different than those of the bands
"2.4GHz" or "5GHz". On one hand, the allowed power levels, and
implicitly the maximum allowed distance between vehicles, is of
33dBm for 802.11-OCB (in Europe), compared to 20 dBm for Wireless
LAN 802.11a/b/g/n; this leads to a maximum distance of
approximately 1km, compared to approximately 50m. On the other
hand, specific conditions related to congestion avoidance, jamming
avoidance, and radar detection are imposed on the use of DSRC (in
US) and on the use of frequencies for Intelligent Transportation
Systems (in EU), compared to Wireless LAN (802.11a/b/g/n).

o Prohibition of IPv6 on some channels relevant for IEEE 802.11-OCB,
as opposed to IPv6 not being prohibited on any channel on which
802.11a/b/g/n runs:

* Some channels are reserved for safety communications; the IPv6
packets should not be sent on these channels.

* At the time of writing, the prohibition is explicit at higher
layer protocols providing services to the application; these
higher layer protocols are specified in IEEE 1609 documents. documents,
i.e. the "WAVE" stack.

* National or regional specifications and regulations specify the
use of different channels; these regulations must be followed.

o 'Half-rate' encoding: as the frequency range, this parameter is
related to PHY, and thus has not much impact on the interface
between the IP layer and the MAC layer.

o In vehicular communications using 802.11-OCB links, there are
strong privacy requirements with respect to addressing. While the
802.11-OCB standard does not specify anything in particular with
respect to MAC addresses, in these settings there exists a strong
need for dynamic change of these addresses (as opposed to the non-
vehicular settings - real wall protection - where fixed MAC
addresses do not currently pose some privacy risks). This is
further described in section Section 7. 6. A relevant function is
described in IEEE 1609.3-2016 [ieee1609.3], [IEEE-1609.3], clause 5.5.1 and IEEE
1609.4-2016 [ieee1609.4], [IEEE-1609.4], clause 6.7.

Other aspects particular to 802.11-OCB 802.11-OCB, which are also particular to
802.11 (e.g. the 'hidden node' operation) operation), may have an influence on
the use of transmission of IPv6 packets on 802.11-OCB networks. The
OCB subnet structure which may be assumed in 802.11-OCB networks is
strongly influenced by the mobility of vehicles. described in section Section 5.6.

5. Layering of IPv6 over 802.11-OCB as over Ethernet

5.1. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)

The default MTU for IP packets on 802.11-OCB is 1500 octets. It is
the same value as IPv6 packets on Ethernet links, as specified in
[RFC2464]. This value of the MTU respects the recommendation that
every link in the Internet must have a minimum MTU of 1280 octets
(stated in [RFC2460], [RFC8200], and the recommendations therein, especially
with respect to fragmentation). If IPv6 packets of size larger than
1500 bytes are sent on an 802.11-OCB interface card then the IP stack
will fragment. In case there are IP fragments, the field "Sequence
number" of the 802.11 Data header containing the IP fragment field is
increased.

Non-IP packets such as WAVE Short Message Protocol (WSMP) can be
delivered on 802.11-OCB links. Specifications of these packets are
out of scope of this document, and do not impose any limit on the MTU
size, allowing an arbitrary number of 'containers'. Non-IP packets
such as ETSI 'geonet' GeoNetworking packets have an MTU of 1492 bytes. The Equivalent Transmit Time on Channel is a concept that may be used
as an alternative to the MTU concept. A rate
operation of transmission may be IPv6 over GeoNetworking is specified as well. The ETTC, rate and MTU may be in direct
relationship. at
[ETSI-IPv6-GeoNetworking].

5.2. Frame Format

IP packets are transmitted over 802.11-OCB as standard Ethernet
packets. As with all 802.11 frames, an Ethernet adaptation layer is
used with 802.11-OCB as well. This Ethernet Adaptation Layer
performing 802.11-to-Ethernet is described in Section 5.2.1. The
Ethernet Type code (EtherType) for IPv6 is 0x86DD (hexadecimal 86DD,
or otherwise #86DD).

The Frame format for transmitting IPv6 on 802.11-OCB networks is the
same as transmitting IPv6 on Ethernet networks, and is described in
section 3 of [RFC2464]. The frame format for transmitting IPv6
packets over Ethernet is illustrated below:

0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination |
+- -+
| Ethernet |
+- -+
| Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source |
+- -+
| Ethernet |
+- -+
| Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IPv6 |
+- -+
| header |
+- -+
| and |
+- -+
/ payload ... /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
(Each tic mark represents one bit.)

Ethernet II Fields:

Destination Ethernet Address
the MAC destination address.

Source Ethernet Address
the MAC source address.

1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
binary representation of the EtherType value 0x86DD.

IPv6 header and payload
the IPv6 packet containing IPv6 header and payload.

5.2.1. Ethernet Adaptation Layer

In general, an 'adaptation' layer is inserted between a MAC layer and
the Networking layer. This is used to transform some parameters
between their form expected by the IP stack and the form provided by
the MAC layer. For example, an 802.15.4 adaptation layer may perform
fragmentation and reassembly operations on a MAC whose maximum Packet
Data Unit size is smaller than the minimum MTU recognized by the IPv6
Networking layer. Other examples involve link-layer address
transformation, packet header insertion/removal, and so on.

An Ethernet Adaptation Layer makes an 802.11 MAC look to IP
Networking layer as a more traditional Ethernet layer. At reception,
this layer takes as input the IEEE 802.11 Data Header and the
Logical-Link Layer Control Header and produces an Ethernet II Header.
At sending, the reverse operation is performed.

The Receiver and Transmitter Address fields in the 802.11 Data Header
contain the same values as the Destination and the Source Address
fields in the Ethernet II Header, respectively. The value of the
Type field in the LLC Header is the same as the value of the Type
field in the Ethernet II Header.

The ".11 Trailer" contains solely a 4-byte Frame Check Sequence.

The Ethernet Adaptation Layer performs operations in relation to IP
fragmentation and MTU. One of these operations is briefly described
in section Section 5.1.

In OCB mode, IPv6 packets can be transmitted either as "IEEE 802.11
Data" or alternatively as "IEEE 802.11 QoS Data", as illustrated in
the following figure: figure below. Some commercial OCB products use 802.11 Data, and
others 802.11 QoS data. In the future, both could be used.

The distinction between the two formats is given by the value of the
field "Type/Subtype". The value of the field "Type/Subtype" in the
802.11 Data header is 0x0020. The value of the field "Type/Subtype"
in the 802.11 QoS header is 0x0028.

The mapping between qos-related fields in the IPv6 header (e.g.
"Traffic Class", "Flow label") and fields in the "802.11 QoS Data
Header" (e.g. "QoS Control") are not specified in this document.
Guidance for a potential mapping is provided in
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ieee-802-11], although it is not specific to OCB
mode.

5.3. Link-Local Addresses

The link-local address of an 802.11-OCB interface is formed in the
same manner as on an Ethernet interface. This manner is described in
section 5 of [RFC2464].

5.4. Address Mapping

For unicast as for multicast, there is no change from the unicast and
multicast address mapping format of Ethernet interfaces, as defined
by sections 6 and 7 of [RFC2464].

5.4.1. Address Mapping -- Unicast

The procedure for mapping IPv6 unicast addresses into Ethernet link-
layer addresses is described in [RFC4861]. The Source/Target Link-
layer Address option has the following form when the link-layer is
Ethernet.

0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- Ethernet -+
| |
+- Address -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Option fields:

Type
1 for Source Link-layer address.
2 for Target Link-layer address.

Length
1 (in units of 8 octets).

Ethernet Address
The 48 bit Ethernet IEEE 802 address, in canonical bit order.

5.4.2. Address Mapping -- Multicast

IPv6 protocols often make use of IPv6 multicast addresses in the
destination field of IPv6 headers. For example, an ICMPv6 link-
scoped Neighbor Advertisement is sent to the IPv6 address ff02::1
denoted "all-nodes" address. When transmitting these packets on
802.11-OCB links it is necessary to map the IPv6 address to a MAC
address.

The same mapping requirement applies to the link-scoped multicast
addresses of other IPv6 protocols as well. In DHCPv6, the
"All_DHCP_Servers" IPv6 multicast address ff02::1:2, and in OSPF the
"All_SPF_Routers" IPv6 multicast address ff02::5, need to be mapped
on a multicast MAC address.

An IPv6 packet with a multicast destination address DST, consisting
of the sixteen octets DST[1] through DST[16], is transmitted to the
IEEE 802.11-OCB MAC multicast address whose first two octets are the
value 0x3333 and whose last four octets are the last four octets of
DST.

+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1|0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DST[13] | DST[14] |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DST[15] | DST[16] |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

A Group ID TBD named TBD, of length 112bits may be is requested from to IANA; this
Group ID signifies "All 80211OCB Interfaces Address". Only the least
32 significant bits of this "All 80211OCB Interfaces Address" will be
mapped to and from a MAC multicast address.

Transmitting IPv6 packets to multicast destinations over 802.11 links
proved to have some performance issues
[I-D.perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802]. These issues may be
exacerbated in OCB mode. Solutions for these problems should
consider the OCB mode of operation.

5.5. Stateless Autoconfiguration

The Interface Identifier for an 802.11-OCB interface is formed using
the same rules as the Interface Identifier for an Ethernet interface;
this is described in section 4 of [RFC2464]. No changes are needed,
but some care must be taken when considering the use of the SLAAC
procedure.

The bits in the the interface identifier have no generic meaning and
the identifier should be treated as an opaque value. The bits
'Universal' and 'Group' in the identifier of an 802.11-OCB interface
are significant, as this is an IEEE link-layer address. The details
of this significance are described in [I-D.ietf-6man-ug]. [RFC7136].

As with all Ethernet and 802.11 interface identifiers ([RFC7721]),
the identifier of an 802.11-OCB interface may involve privacy risks.
A privacy, MAC
address spoofing and IP address hijacking risks. A vehicle embarking
an On-Board Unit whose egress interface is 802.11-OCB may expose
itself to eavesdropping and subsequent correlation of data; this may
reveal data considered private by the vehicle owner; there is a risk
of being tracked; see the privacy considerations described in
Appendix C.

If stable Interface Identifiers are needed in order to form IPv6
addresses on 802.11-OCB links, it is recommended to follow the
recommendation in [I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids]. [RFC8064].

5.6. Subnet Structure

A subnet is formed by the external 802.11-OCB interfaces of vehicles
that are in close range (not their on-board interfaces). This
ephemeral subnet structure is strongly influenced by the mobility of
vehicles: the 802.11 hidden node effects appear. On another hand,
the structure of the internal subnets in each car is relatively
stable.

For routing purposes, a prefix exchange mechanism could be needed
between neighboring vehicles.

The 802.11 networks in OCB mode may be considered as 'ad-hoc'
networks. The addressing model for such networks is described in
[RFC5889].

6. Example IPv6 Packet captured over a IEEE 802.11-OCB link

We remind

An addressing model involves several types of addresses, like
Globally-unique Addresses (GUA), Link-Local Addresses (LL) and Unique
Local Addresses (ULA). The subnet structure in 'ad-hoc' networks may
have characteristics that a main goal lead to difficulty of this document is using GUAs derived
from a received prefix, but the LL addresses may be easier to make use
since the case that
IPv6 works fine over 802.11-OCB networks. Consequently, this section prefix is an illustration of this concept and thus can help constant.

6. Security Considerations

Any security mechanism at the implementer
when it comes to running IP layer or above that may be carried
out for the general case of IPv6 may also be carried out for IPv6
operating over IEEE 802.11-OCB. By way

802.11-OCB does not provide any cryptographic protection, because it
operates outside the context of
example we show that there is a BSS (no Association Request/
Response, no modification Challenge messages). Any attacker can therefore just
sit in the headers when
transmitted over 802.11-OCB networks - they are transmitted like any
other 802.11 and Ethernet packets.

We describe an experiment near range of capturing an IPv6 packet on an
802.11-OCB link. In this experiment, vehicles, sniff the packet is an IPv6 Router
Advertisement. This packet is emitted by a Router on its 802.11-OCB
interface. The packet is captured on the Host, using a network
protocol analyzer (e.g. Wireshark); (just set the capture is performed in two
different modes: direct mode
interface card's frequency to the proper range) and 'monitor' mode. The topology perform attacks
without needing to physically break any wall. Such a link is less
protected than commonly used
during links (wired link or protected 802.11).

The potential attack vectors are: MAC address spoofing, IP address
and session hijacking and privacy violation.

Within the capture is depicted below.

+--------+ +-------+
| | 802.11-OCB Link | |
---| Router |--------------------------------| Host |
| | | |
+--------+ +-------+

During several capture operations running from a few moments to
several hours, no message relevant to IPsec Security Architecture [RFC4301], the BSSID contexts were
captured (no Association Request/Response, Authentication Req/Resp,
Beacon). This shows that IPsec AH and
ESP headers [RFC4302] and [RFC4303] respectively, its multicast
extensions [RFC5374], HTTPS [RFC2818] and SeND [RFC3971] protocols
can be used to protect communications. Further, the operation assistance of 802.11-OCB
proper Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) protocols [RFC4210] is outside
necessary to establish credentials. More IETF protocols are
available in the
context toolbox of a BSSID.

Overall, the captured message is identical with a capture of an IPv6
packet emitted on a 802.11b interface. The contents IP security protocol designer.

Certain ETSI protocols related to security protocols in Intelligent
Transportation Systems are precisely
similar.

6.1. Capture described in Monitor Mode

The IPv6 RA packet captured [ETSI-sec-archi].

As with all Ethernet and 802.11 interface identifiers, there may
exist privacy risks in monitor mode is illustrated below.
The radio tap header provides more flexibility for reporting the
characteristics use of frames. The Radiotap Header is prepended 802.11-OCB interface identifiers.
Moreover, in outdoors vehicular settings, the privacy risks are more
important than in indoors settings. New risks are induced by this
particular stack and operating system on the Host machine to the RA
packet received from
possibility of attacker sniffers deployed along routes which listen
for IP packets of vehicles passing by. For this reason, in the network (the Radiotap Header
802.11-OCB deployments, there is not present
on a strong necessity to use protection
tools such as dynamically changing MAC addresses. This may help
mitigate privacy risks to a certain level. On another hand, it may
have an impact in the air). The implementation-dependent Radiotap Header way typical IPv6 address auto-configuration is useful
performed for piggybacking PHY information from vehicles (SLAAC would rely on MAC addresses amd would
hence dynamically change the chip's registers as data affected IP address), in the way the
IPv6 Privacy addresses were used, and other effects.

7. IANA Considerations

A Group ID named TBD, of length 112bits is requested to IANA; this
Group ID signifies "All 80211OCB Interfaces Address".

8. Contributors

Romain Kuntz contributed extensively about IPv6 handovers between
links running outside the context of a packet understandable by userland applications using Socket
interfaces (the PHY interface can be, BSS (802.11-OCB links).

Tim Leinmueller contributed the idea of the use of IPv6 over
802.11-OCB for example: power levels, data
rate, ratio distribution of signal to noise).

The packet present certificates.

Marios Makassikis, Jose Santa Lozano, Albin Severinson and Alexey
Voronov provided significant feedback on the air is formed by IEEE 802.11 Data Header,
Logical Link Control Header, IPv6 Base Header experience of using IP
messages over 802.11-OCB in initial trials.

Michelle Wetterwald contributed extensively the MTU discussion,
offered the ETSI ITS perspective, and ICMPv6 Header.

IEEE 802.11 Data Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type/Subtype and Frame Ctrl | Duration |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receiver Address...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Receiver Address | Transmitter Address...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Transmitter Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BSS Id...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... BSS Id | Frag Number and Seq Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Logical-Link Control Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DSAP |I| SSAP |C| Control field | Org. code...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Organizational Code | Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

IPv6 Base Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| Traffic Class | Flow Label |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Source Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Destination Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The value of the Data Rate field in the Radiotap header is set to 6
Mb/s. This indicates the rate at which this RA was received.

The value of the Transmitter address in the IEEE 802.11 Data Header
is set to a 48bit value. The value of the destination address is
33:33:00:00:00:1 (all-nodes multicast address). The value of the BSS
Id field is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, which is recognized by the network
protocol analyzer as being "broadcast". The Fragment number and
sequence number fields are together set to 0x90C6.

The value of the Organization Code field in the Logical-Link Control
Header is set to 0x0, recognized as "Encapsulated Ethernet". The
value of the Type field is 0x86DD (hexadecimal 86DD, or otherwise
#86DD), recognized as "IPv6".

A Router Advertisement is periodically sent by the router to
multicast group address ff02::1. It is an icmp packet type 134. The
IPv6 Neighbor Discovery's Router Advertisement message contains an
8-bit field reserved for single-bit flags, as described in [RFC4861].

The IPv6 header contains the link local address of the router
(source) configured via EUI-64 algorithm, and destination address set
to ff02::1. Recent versions reviewed other parts of network protocol analyzers (e.g.
Wireshark) provide additional informations for an IP address, if a
geolocalization database is present. In this example, the
geolocalization database is absent, and the "GeoIP" information is
set
document.

9. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to unknown for both source thank Witold Klaudel, Ryuji Wakikawa,
Emmanuel Baccelli, John Kenney, John Moring, Francois Simon, Dan
Romascanu, Konstantin Khait, Ralph Droms, Richard 'Dick' Roy, Ray
Hunter, Tom Kurihara, Michal Sojka, Jan de Jongh, Suresh Krishnan,
Dino Farinacci, Vincent Park, Jaehoon Paul Jeong, Gloria Gwynne,
Hans-Joachim Fischer, Russ Housley, Rex Buddenberg, Erik Nordmark,
Bob Moskowitz, Andrew (Dryden?), Georg Mayer, Dorothy Stanley, Sandra
Cespedes, Mariano Falcitelli, Sri Gundavelli and destination addresses (although
the IPv6 source William Whyte.

Their valuable comments clarified particular issues and destination addresses are set to useful values).
This "GeoIP" can be a useful information generally
helped to look up improve the city,
country, AS number, document.

Pierre Pfister, Rostislav Lisovy, and other information others, wrote 802.11-OCB
drivers for an IP address.

The Ethernet Type field in the logical-link control header is set to
0x86dd which indicates that the frame transports an IPv6 packet. In
the IEEE 802.11 data, linux and described how.

For the destination address is 33:33:00:00:00:01
which is he corresponding multicast MAC address. The BSS id is a
broadcast address of ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. Due to discussion, the short link
duration between vehicles authors would like to thank Owen
DeLong, Joe Touch, Jen Linkova, Erik Kline, Brian Haberman and
participants to discussions in network working groups.

The authours would like to thank participants to the roadside infrastructure, there is
no need Birds-of-
a-Feather "Intelligent Transportation Systems" meetings held at IETF
in IEEE 802.11-OCB 2016.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ieee-802-11]
Szigeti, T., Henry, J., and F. Baker, "Diffserv to wait IEEE
802.11 Mapping", draft-ietf-tsvwg-ieee-802-11-07 (work in
progress), September 2017.

[RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the completion transmission
of association
and authentication procedures before exchanging data. IP datagrams over IEEE
802.11-OCB enabled nodes 802 networks", STD 43, RFC 1042,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1042, February 1988,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1042>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use the wildcard BSSID (a value of all 1s)
and may start communicating as soon as they arrive on the
communication channel.

6.2. Capture in Normal Mode

The same RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC2464] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Router Advertisement packet described above (monitor
mode) is captured on the Host, in the Normal mode, and depicted
below. Packets over Ethernet II Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...Destination | Source...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...Source |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

One notices that the Radiotap Header is not prepended,
Networks", RFC 2464, DOI 10.17487/RFC2464, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2464>.

[RFC2818] Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", RFC 2818,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2818, May 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2818>.

[RFC3753] Manner, J., Ed. and that the
IEEE 802.11 Data Header M. Kojo, Ed., "Mobility Related
Terminology", RFC 3753, DOI 10.17487/RFC3753, June 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3753>.

[RFC3963] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and the Logical-Link Control Headers are not
present. On another hand, a new header named Ethernet II Header is
present.

The Destination P.
Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol",
RFC 3963, DOI 10.17487/RFC3963, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3963>.

[RFC3971] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and Source addresses in the Ethernet II header
contain the same values as P. Nikander,
"SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3971, March 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3971>.

[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

[RFC4210] Adams, C., Farrell, S., Kause, T., and T. Mononen,
"Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
Management Protocol (CMP)", RFC 4210,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4210, September 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4210>.

[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the fields Receiver
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4302>.

[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

[RFC4429] Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.

[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and
Transmitter Address present in the IEEE 802.11 Data Header in the
"monitor" mode capture.

The value of the Type field in the Ethernet II header is 0x86DD
(recognized as "IPv6"); this value is the same value as the value of
the field Type in the Logical-Link Control Header in the "monitor"
mode capture.

The knowledgeable experimenter will no doubt notice H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

[RFC5374] Weis, B., Gross, G., and D. Ignjatic, "Multicast
Extensions to the similarity Security Architecture for the Internet
Protocol", RFC 5374, DOI 10.17487/RFC5374, November 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5374>.

[RFC5415] Calhoun, P., Ed., Montemurro, M., Ed., and D. Stanley,
Ed., "Control And Provisioning of
this Ethernet II Header with a capture in normal mode on a pure
Ethernet cable interface.

It may be interpreted that an Adaptation layer is inserted in a pure
IEEE 802.11 MAC packets Wireless Access Points
(CAPWAP) Protocol Specification", RFC 5415,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5415, March 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5415>.

[RFC5889] Baccelli, E., Ed. and M. Townsley, Ed., "IP Addressing
Model in the air, before delivering to the
applications. In detail, this adaptation layer may consist Ad Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, DOI 10.17487/RFC5889,
September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5889>.

[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support in
elimination IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.

[RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., and C.
Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization for IPv6 over
Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

[RFC7136] Carpenter, B. and S. Jiang, "Significance of the Radiotap, 802.11 IPv6
Interface Identifiers", RFC 7136, DOI 10.17487/RFC7136,
February 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7136>.

[RFC7721] Cooper, A., Gont, F., and LLC headers D. Thaler, "Security and insertion Privacy
Considerations for IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms",
RFC 7721, DOI 10.17487/RFC7721, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7721>.

[RFC8064] Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and W. Liu,
"Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
RFC 8064, DOI 10.17487/RFC8064, February 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8064>.

[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

10.2. Informative References

[ETSI-IPv6-GeoNetworking]
"ETSI EN 302 636-6-1 v1.2.1 (2014-05), ETSI, European
Standard, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS);
Vehicular Communications; Geonetworking; Part 6: Internet
Integration; Sub-part 1: Transmission of
the Ethernet II header. In this way, it can be stated that IPv6 runs
naturally straight over LLC Packets over the 802.11-OCB MAC layer, as shown
by the use of the Type 0x86DD,
Geonetworking Protocols. Downloaded on September 9th,
2017, freely available from ETSI website at URL
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/
etsi_en/302600_302699/30263601/01.02.01_60/
en_30263601v010201p.pdf".

[ETSI-sec-archi]
"ETSI TS 102 940 V1.2.1 (2016-11), ETSI Technical
Specification, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS);
Security; ITS communications security architecture and assuming an adaptation layer
(adapting 802.11 LLC/MAC to Ethernet II header).

7. Security Considerations

Any
security mechanism management, November 2016. Dowloaded on
September 9th, 2017, freely available from ETSI website at the IP layer or above that may be carried
out for the general case
URL http://www.etsi.org/deliver/
etsi_ts/102900_102999/102940/01.02.01_60/
ts_102940v010201p.pdf".

[I-D.hinden-6man-rfc2464bis]
Crawford, M. and R. Hinden, "Transmission of IPv6 may also be carried out Packets
over Ethernet Networks", draft-hinden-6man-rfc2464bis-02
(work in progress), March 2017.

[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey]
Jeong, J., Cespedes, S., Benamar, N., Haerri, J., and M.
Wetterwald, "Survey on IP-based Vehicular Networking for IPv6
operating
Intelligent Transportation Systems", draft-jeong-ipwave-
vehicular-networking-survey-03 (work in progress), June
2017.

[I-D.perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802]
Perkins, C., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and J. Zuniga,
"Multicast Considerations over 802.11-OCB.

802.11-OCB does not provide any cryptographic protection, because it
operates outside the context of a BSS (no Association Request/
Response, no Challenge messages). Any attacker can therefore just
sit IEEE 802 Wireless Media",
draft-perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802-03 (work in the near range of vehicles, sniff the network (just set the
interface card's frequency to the proper range)
progress), July 2017.

[I-D.petrescu-its-scenarios-reqs]
Petrescu, A., Janneteau, C., Boc, M., and perform attacks
without needing to physically break any wall. Such a link is way
less protected than commonly used links (wired link or protected
802.11).

At the IP layer, IPsec can be used to protect unicast communications, W. Klaudel,
"Scenarios and SeND can be used Requirements for multicast communications. If no protection
is used by the IP layer, upper layers should be protected.
Otherwise, the end-user or system should be warned about the risks
they run.

As with all Ethernet and 802.11 interface identifiers, there may
exist privacy risks in the use of 802.11-OCB interface identifiers.
Moreover, Intelligent
Transportation Systems", draft-petrescu-its-scenarios-
reqs-03 (work in progress), October 2013.

[IEEE-1609.2]
"IEEE SA - 1609.2-2016 - IEEE Standard for Wireless Access
in outdoors vehicular settings, the privacy risks are more
important than Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Security Services for
Applications and Management Messages. Example URL
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7426684/ accessed on
August 17th, 2017.".

[IEEE-1609.3]
"IEEE SA - 1609.3-2016 - IEEE Standard for Wireless Access
in indoors settings. New risks are induced by the
possibility of attacker sniffers deployed along routes which listen Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Networking Services.
Example URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7458115/
accessed on August 17th, 2017.".

[IEEE-1609.4]
"IEEE SA - 1609.4-2016 - IEEE Standard for IP packets of vehicles passing by. For this reason, Wireless Access
in the
802.11-OCB deployments, there is a strong necessity to use protection
tools such as dynamically changing MAC addresses. This may help
mitigate privacy risks to a certain level. On another hand, it may
have an impact Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Multi-Channel
Operation. Example URL
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7435228/ accessed on
August 17th, 2017.".

[IEEE-802.11-2012]
"802.11-2012 - IEEE Standard for Information technology--
Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control
(MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. Downloaded
on October 17th, 2013, from IEEE Standards, document
freely available at URL
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
standard/802.11-2012.html retrieved on October 17th,
2013.".

[IEEE-802.11p-2010]
"IEEE Std 802.11p (TM)-2010, IEEE Standard for Information
Technology - Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks -
Specific requirements, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,
Amendment 6: Wireless Access in the way typical IPv6 address auto-configuration is
performed for vehicles (SLAAC would rely Vehicular Environments;
document freely available at URL
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
download/802.11p-2010.pdf retrieved on MAC addresses amd would
hence dynamically change the affected IP address), September 20th,
2013.".

Appendix A. ChangeLog

The changes are listed in reverse chronological order, most recent
changes appearing at the way the
IPv6 Privacy addresses were used, and other effects.

8. IANA Considerations

9. Contributors

Romain Kuntz contributed extensively about IPv6 handovers between
links running outside the context top of a BSS (802.11-OCB links).

Tim Leinmueller contributed the idea of list.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-04 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-05

o Lengthened the title and cleanded the abstract.

o Added text suggesting LLs may be easy to use on OCB, rather than
GUAs based on received prefix.

o Added the risks of IPv6 over
802.11-OCB for distribution of certificates.

Marios Makassikis, Jose Santa Lozano, Albin Severinson spoofing and Alexey
Voronov provided significant feedback on hijacking.

o Removed the experience text speculation on adoption of using IP
messages over 802.11-OCB in initial trials.

Michelle Wetterwald contributed extensively the MTU discussion,
offered TSA message.

o Clarified that the ETSI ITS perspective, and reviewed other parts ND protocol is used.

o Clarified what it means "No association needed".

o Added some text about how two STAs discover each other.

o Added mention of the
document.

10. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Witold Klaudel, Ryuji Wakikawa,
Emmanuel Baccelli, John Kenney, John Moring, Francois Simon, Dan
Romascanu, Konstantin Khait, Ralph Droms, Richard 'Dick' Roy, Ray
Hunter, Tom Kurihara, Michal Sojka, Jan de Jongh, Suresh Krishnan,
Dino Farinacci, Vincent Park, Jaehoon Paul Jeong, Gloria Gwynne,
Hans-Joachim Fischer, Russ Housley, Rex Buddenberg, Erik Nordmark,
Bob Moskowitz, Andrew (Dryden?), Georg Mayer, Dorothy Stanley and
William Whyte. Their valuable comments clarified certain issues external (OCB) and
generally helped to improve internal network (stable), in
the document.

Pierre Pfister, Rostislav Lisovy, subnet structure section.

o Added phrase explaining that both .11 Data and others, wrote 802.11-OCB
drivers for linux .11 QoS Data
headers are currently being used, and described how.

For may be used in the future.

o Moved the packet capture example into an Appendix Implementation
Status.

o Suggested moving the reliability requirements appendix out into
another document.

o Added a IANA Consiserations section, with content, requesting for
a new multicast discussion, group "all OCB interfaces".

o Added new OBU term, improved the authors would like RSU term definition, removed the
ETTC term, replaced more occurences of 802.11p, 802.11 OCB with
802.11-OCB.

o References:

* Added an informational reference to thank Owen
DeLong, Joe Touch, Jen Linkova, Erik Kline, Brian Haberman ETSI's IPv6-over-
GeoNetworking.

* Added more references to IETF and
participants ETSI security protocols.

* Updated some references from I-D to discussions in network working groups.

The authours would like RFC, and from old RFC to thank participants
new RFC numbers.

* Added reference to multicast extensions to IPsec architecture
RFC.

* Added a reference to 2464-bis.

* Removed FCC informative references, because not used.

o Updated the Birds-of-
a-Feather "Intelligent Transportation Systems" meetings held at IETF
in 2016.

11. References

11.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-6man-default-iids]
Gont, F., Cooper, A., Thaler, D., and S. LIU,
"Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers",
draft-ietf-6man-default-iids-16 (work in progress),
September 2016.

[I-D.ietf-6man-ug]
Carpenter, B. affiliation of one author.

o Reformulation of some phrases for better readability, and S. Jiang, "Significance
correction of IPv6
Interface Identifiers", draft-ietf-6man-ug-06 (work in
progress), December 2013.

[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-ieee-802-11]
Szigeti, T., Henry, J., typographical errors.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-03 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-04

o Removed a few informative references pointing to Dx draft IEEE
1609 documents.

o Removed outdated informative references to ETSI documents.

o Added citations to IEEE 1609.2, .3 and F. Baker, "Diffserv .4-2016.

o Minor textual issues.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-02 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-03

o Keep the previous text on multiple addresses, so remove talk about
MIP6, NEMOv6 and MCoA.

o Clarified that a 'Beacon' is an IEEE 802.11 Mapping", draft-ietf-tsvwg-ieee-802-11-06 (work in
progress), August 2017.

[RFC1042] Postel, J. frame Beacon.

o Clarified the figure showing Infrastructure mode and J. Reynolds, "Standard for OCB mode side
by side.

o Added a reference to the transmission
of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks", STD 43, RFC 1042,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1042, February 1988, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc1042>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460,
December 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>.

[RFC2464] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over Ethernet
Networks", RFC 2464, DOI 10.17487/RFC2464, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2464>.

[RFC3963] Devarapalli, V., Wakikawa, R., Petrescu, A., and P.
Thubert, "Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol",
RFC 3963, DOI 10.17487/RFC3963, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3963>.

[RFC4086] Eastlake 3rd, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
"Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4086, June 2005, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc4086>.

[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Security Architecture for RFC.

o Detailed the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

[RFC4429] Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.

[RFC4861] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
"Neighbor Discovery IPv6-per-channel prohibition paragraph which reflects
the discussion at the last IETF IPWAVE WG meeting.

o Added section "Address Mapping -- Unicast".

o Added the ".11 Trailer" to pictures of 802.11 frames.

o Added text about SNAP carrying the Ethertype.

o New RSU definition allowing for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007, <https://www.rfc-
editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

[RFC5889] Baccelli, E., Ed. it be both a Router and M. Townsley, Ed., "IP Addressing
Model not
necessarily a Router some times.

o Minor textual issues.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-01 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-02

o Replaced almost all occurences of 802.11p with 802.11-OCB, leaving
only when explanation of evolution was necessary.

o Shortened by removing parameter details from a paragraph in Ad Hoc Networks", RFC 5889, DOI 10.17487/RFC5889,
September 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5889>.

[RFC6275] Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., the
Introduction.

o Moved a reference from Normative to Informative.

o Added text in intro clarifying there is no handover spec at IEEE,
and J. Arkko, "Mobility
Support that 1609.2 does provide security services.

o Named the contents the fields of the EthernetII header (including
the Ethertype bitstring).

o Improved relationship between two paragraphs describing the
increase of the Sequence Number in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.

[RFC6775] Shelby, Z., Ed., Chakrabarti, S., Nordmark, E., 802.11 header upon IP
fragmentation.

o Added brief clarification of "tracking".

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-00 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-01

o Introduced message exchange diagram illustrating differences
between 802.11 and C.
Bormann, "Neighbor Discovery Optimization 802.11 in OCB mode.

o Introduced an appendix listing for IPv6 over
Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs)",
RFC 6775, DOI 10.17487/RFC6775, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6775>.

[RFC7721] Cooper, A., Gont, F., information the set of 802.11
messages that may be transmitted in OCB mode.

o Removed appendix sections "Privacy Requirements", "Authentication
Requirements" and D. Thaler, "Security and Privacy Certificate Generation".

o Removed appendix section "Non IP Communications".

o Introductory phrase in the Security Considerations for section.

o Improved the definition of "OCB".

o Introduced theoretical stacked layers about IPv6 Address Generation Mechanisms",
RFC 7721, DOI 10.17487/RFC7721, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7721>.

11.2. Informative References

[fcc-cc] "'Report and Order, Before IEEE layers
including EPD.

o Removed the Federal Communications
Commission Washington, D.C. 20554', FCC 03-324, Released
on February 10, 2004, document FCC-03-324A1.pdf, document
freely available at URL
http://www.its.dot.gov/exit/fcc_edocs.htm downloaded on
October 17th, 2013.".

[fcc-cc-172-184]
"'Memorandum Opinion and Order, Before the Federal
Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554', FCC
06-10, Released appendix describing the details of prohibiting IPv6 on July 26, 2006, document FCC-
06-110A1.pdf, document freely available at URL
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/
FCC-06-110A1.pdf downloaded
certain channels relevant to 802.11-OCB.

o Added a brief reference in the privacy text about a precise clause
in IEEE 1609.3 and .4.

o Clarified the definition of a Road Side Unit.

o Removed the discussion about security of WSA (because is non-IP).

o Removed mentioning of the GeoNetworking discussion.

o Moved references to scientific articles to a separate 'overview'
draft, and referred to it.

Appendix B. Changes Needed on June 5th, 2014.".

[I-D.jeong-ipwave-vehicular-networking-survey]
Jeong, J., Cespedes, S., Benamar, N., Haerri, J., a software driver 802.11a to become a
802.11-OCB driver

The 802.11p amendment modifies both the 802.11 stack's physical and M.
Wetterwald, "Survey
MAC layers but all the induced modifications can be quite easily
obtained by modifying an existing 802.11a ad-hoc stack.

Conditions for a 802.11a hardware to be 802.11-OCB compliant:

o The chip must support the frequency bands on IP-based Vehicular Networking which the regulator
recommends the use of ITS communications, for
Intelligent Transportation Systems", draft-jeong-ipwave-
vehicular-networking-survey-03 (work example using IEEE
802.11-OCB layer, in progress), June
2017.

[I-D.perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802]
Perkins, C., Stanley, D., Kumari, W., and J. Zuniga,
"Multicast Considerations over France: 5875MHz to 5925MHz.

o The chip must support the half-rate mode (the internal clock
should be able to be divided by two).

o The chip transmit spectrum mask must be compliant to the "Transmit
spectrum mask" from the IEEE 802 Wireless Media",
draft-perkins-intarea-multicast-ieee802-03 (work 802.11p amendment (but experimental
environments tolerate otherwise).

o The chip should be able to transmit up to 44.8 dBm when used by
the US government in
progress), July 2017.

[I-D.petrescu-its-scenarios-reqs]
Petrescu, A., Janneteau, C., Boc, M., and W. Klaudel,
"Scenarios the United States, and Requirements for IP up to 33 dBm in Intelligent
Transportation Systems", draft-petrescu-its-scenarios-
reqs-03 (work
Europe; other regional conditions apply.

Changes needed on the network stack in progress), October 2013.

[ieee1609.2]
"IEEE SA - 1609.2-2016 - IEEE Standard for Wireless OCB mode:

o Physical layer:

* The chip must use the Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access
(OFDM) encoding mode.

* The chip must be set in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Security Services for
Applications half-mode rate mode (the internal clock
frequency is divided by two).

* The chip must use dedicated channels and Management Messages. Example URL
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7426684/ accessed on
August 17th, 2017.".

[ieee1609.3]
"IEEE SA - 1609.3-2016 - IEEE Standard should allow the use
of higher emission powers. This may require modifications to
the regulatory domains rules, if used by the kernel to enforce
local specific restrictions. Such modifications must respect
the location-specific laws.

MAC layer:

* All management frames (beacons, join, leave, and others)
emission and reception must be disabled except for Wireless Access frames of
subtype Action and Timing Advertisement (defined below).

* No encryption key or method must be used.

* Packet emission and reception must be performed as in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Networking Services.
Example URL http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7458115/
accessed on August 17th, 2017.".

[ieee1609.4]
"IEEE SA - 1609.4-2016 - IEEE Standard ad-hoc
mode, using the wildcard BSSID (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff).

* The functions related to joining a BSS (Association Request/
Response) and for Wireless Access authentication (Authentication Request/Reply,
Challenge) are not called.

* The beacon interval is always set to 0 (zero).

* Timing Advertisement frames, defined in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) -- Multi-Channel
Operation. Example URL
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7435228/ accessed on
August 17th, 2017.".

[ieee802.11-2012]
"802.11-2012 - IEEE Standard for Information technology--
Telecommunications the amendment, should
be supported. The upper layer should be able to trigger such
frames emission and to retrieve information exchange between
systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control
(MAC) contained in
received Timing Advertisements.

Appendix C. Design Considerations

The networks defined by 802.11-OCB are in many ways similar to other
networks of the 802.11 family. In theory, the encapsulation of IPv6
over 802.11-OCB could be very similar to the operation of IPv6 over
other networks of the 802.11 family. However, the high mobility,
strong link asymmetry and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. Downloaded
on October 17th, 2013, very short connection makes the 802.11-OCB
link significantly different from IEEE Standards, document
freely available at URL
http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/
standard/802.11-2012.html retrieved on October 17th,
2013.".

[ieee802.11p-2010]
"IEEE Std 802.11p (TM)-2010, IEEE Standard other 802.11 networks. Also, the
automotive applications have specific requirements for Information
Technology - Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems - Local reliability,
security and metropolitan area privacy, which further add to the particularity of the
802.11-OCB link.

C.1. Vehicle ID

In automotive networks -
Specific requirements, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access
Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications,
Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments;
document freely available it is required that each node is represented
uniquely. Accordingly, a vehicle must be identified by at URL
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/
download/802.11p-2010.pdf retrieved on September 20th,
2013.".

Appendix A. ChangeLog least one
unique identifier. The changes are listed in reverse chronological order, most recent
changes appearing current specification at ETSI and at IEEE
1609 identifies a vehicle by its MAC address, which is obtained from
the top of 802.11-OCB Network Interface Card (NIC).

In case multiple 802.11-OCB NICs are present in one car, implicitely
multiple vehicle IDs will be generated. Additionally, some software
generates a random MAC address each time the list.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-03 computer boots; this
constitutes an additional difficulty.

A mechanim to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-04

o Removed uniquely identify a few informative references pointing to Dx draft IEEE
1609 documents.

o Removed outdated informative references vehicle irrespectively to ETSI documents.

o Added citations the
multiplicity of NICs, or frequent MAC address generation, is
necessary.

C.2. Reliability Requirements

This section may need to IEEE 1609.2, .3 be moved out into a separate requirements
document.

The dynamically changing topology, short connectivity, mobile
transmitter and .4-2016.

o Minor textual issues.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-02 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-03

o Keep the previous text on multiple addresses, so remove talk about
MIP6, NEMOv6 receivers, different antenna heights, and MCoA.

o Clarified that a 'Beacon' is an many-to-
many communication types, make IEEE 802.11-OCB links significantly
different from other IEEE 802.11 frame Beacon.

o Clarified the figure showing Infrastructure mode links. Any IPv6 mechanism operating
on IEEE 802.11-OCB link MUST support strong link asymmetry, spatio-
temporal link quality, fast address resolution and OCB mode side
by side.

o Added a reference to the IP Security Architecture RFC.

o Detailed the IPv6-per-channel prohibition paragraph which reflects
the discussion at the last IETF IPWAVE WG meeting.

o Added section "Address Mapping -- Unicast".

o Added the ".11 Trailer" transmission.

IEEE 802.11-OCB strongly differs from other 802.11 systems to pictures operate
outside of 802.11 frames.

o Added text about SNAP carrying the Ethertype.

o New RSU definition allowing for it be both context of a Router and Basic Service Set. This means in
practice that IEEE 802.11-OCB does not
necessarily rely on a Router some times.

o Minor textual issues.

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-01 to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-02

o Replaced almost Base Station for all occurences of 802.11p with 802.11-OCB, leaving
only when explanation of evolution was necessary.

o Shortened by removing parameter details
Basic Service Set management. In particular, IEEE 802.11-OCB SHALL
NOT use beacons. Any IPv6 mechanism requiring L2 services from IEEE
802.11 beacons MUST support an alternative service.

Channel scanning being disabled, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB MUST
implement a paragraph in the
Introduction.

o Moved mechanism for transmitter and receiver to converge to a reference from Normative
common channel.

Authentication not being possible, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB MUST
implement an distributed mechanism to Informative.

o Added text in intro clarifying there is no handover spec at IEEE, authenticate transmitters and that 1609.2 does provide security services.

o Named the contents
receivers without the fields support of the EthernetII header (including
the Ethertype bitstring).

o Improved relationship a DHCP server.

Time synchronization not being available, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB
MUST implement a higher layer mechanism for time synchronization
between two paragraphs describing transmitters and receivers without the
increase support of the Sequence Number a NTP
server.

The IEEE 802.11-OCB link being asymmetric, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB
MUST disable management mechanisms requesting acknowledgements or
replies.

The IEEE 802.11-OCB link having a short duration time, IPv6 over IEEE
802.11-OCB SHOULD implement fast IPv6 mobility management mechanisms.

C.3. Multiple interfaces

There are considerations for 2 or more IEEE 802.11-OCB interface
cards per vehicle. For each vehicle taking part in 802.11 header upon road traffic, one
IEEE 802.11-OCB interface card could be fully allocated for Non IP
fragmentation.

o Added brief clarification
safety-critical communication. Any other IEEE 802.11-OCB may be used
for other type of "tracking".

From draft-ietf-ipwave-ipv6-over-80211ocb-00 traffic.

The mode of operation of these other wireless interfaces is not
clearly defined yet. One possibility is to draft-ietf-ipwave-
ipv6-over-80211ocb-01

o Introduced message exchange diagram illustrating differences
between 802.11 and 802.11 in OCB mode.

o Introduced consider each card as an appendix listing for information the
independent network interface, with a specific MAC Address and a set
of 802.11
messages that may be transmitted in OCB mode.

o Removed appendix sections "Privacy Requirements", "Authentication
Requirements" and "Security Certificate Generation".

o Removed appendix section "Non IP Communications".

o Introductory phrase in the Security Considerations section.

o Improved IPv6 addresses. Another possibility is to consider the definition set of "OCB".

o Introduced theoretical stacked layers about IPv6 and IEEE layers
these wireless interfaces as a single network interface (not
including EPD.

o Removed the appendix describing IEEE 802.11-OCB interface used by Non IP safety
critical communications). This will require specific logic to
ensure, for example, that packets meant for a vehicle in front are
actually sent by the radio in the details front, or that multiple copies of prohibiting IPv6 on
certain channels relevant to 802.11-OCB.

o Added
the same packet received by multiple interfaces are treated as a brief reference in
single packet. Treating each wireless interface as a separate
network interface pushes such issues to the application layer.

Certain privacy text about requirements imply that if these multiple interfaces
are represented by many network interface, a precise clause
in IEEE 1609.3 single renumbering event
SHALL cause renumbering of all these interfaces. If one MAC changed
and another stayed constant, external observers would be able to
correlate old and new values, and .4.

o Clarified the definition privacy benefits of
randomization would be lost.

The privacy requirements of Non IP safety-critical communications
imply that if a Road Side Unit.

o Removed the discussion about security change of WSA (because is non-IP).

o Removed mentioning pseudonyme occurs, renumbering of all other
interfaces SHALL also occur.

C.4. MAC Address Generation

When designing the GeoNetworking discussion. IPv6 over 802.11-OCB address mapping, we will
assume that the MAC Addresses will change during well defined
"renumbering events". The 48 bits randomized MAC addresses will have
the following characteristics:

o Moved references Bit "Local/Global" set to scientific articles "locally admninistered".

o Bit "Unicast/Multicast" set to a separate 'overview'
draft, and referred "Unicast".

o 46 remaining bits set to it.

Appendix B. Changes Needed on a software driver 802.11a random value, using a random number
generator that meets the requirements of [RFC4086].

The way to meet the randomization requirements is to become retain 46 bits
from the output of a
802.11-OCB driver

The 802.11p amendment modifies both strong hash function, such as SHA256, taking as
input a 256 bit local secret, the 802.11 stack's physical and "nominal" MAC layers but all Address of the induced modifications can be quite easily
obtained by modifying an existing 802.11a ad-hoc stack.

Conditions for
interface, and a 802.11a hardware to be 802.11-OCB compliant:

o The chip must support representation of the frequency bands on which date and time of the regulator
recommends
renumbering event.

Appendix D. IEEE 802.11 Messages Transmitted in OCB mode

For information, at the use time of writing, this is the list of ITS communications, for example using IEEE
802.11-OCB layer,
802.11 messages that may be transmitted in France: 5875MHz to 5925MHz. OCB mode, i.e. when
dot11OCBActivated is true in a STA:

o The chip must support STA may send management frames of subtype Action and, if the half-rate mode (the internal clock
should be able to be divided by two).
STA maintains a TSF Timer, subtype Timing Advertisement;

o The chip transmit spectrum mask must be compliant to the "Transmit
spectrum mask" from the IEEE 802.11p amendment (but experimental
environments tolerate otherwise). STA may send control frames, except those of subtype PS-Poll,
CF-End, and CF-End plus CFAck;

o The chip should be able to transmit up to 44.8 dBm when used by
the US government STA may send data frames of subtype Data, Null, QoS Data, and
QoS Null.

Appendix E. Implementation Status

This section describese an example of an IPv6 Packet captured over a
IEEE 802.11-OCB link.

By way of example we show that there is no modification in the United States, and up to 33 dBm in
Europe;
headers when transmitted over 802.11-OCB networks - they are
transmitted like any other regional conditions apply.

Changes needed 802.11 and Ethernet packets.

We describe an experiment of capturing an IPv6 packet on an
802.11-OCB link. In this experiment, the network stack in OCB mode:

o Physical layer:

* The chip must use the Orthogonal Frequency Multiple Access
(OFDM) encoding mode.

* The chip must be set in half-mode rate mode (the internal clock
frequency packet is divided an IPv6 Router
Advertisement. This packet is emitted by two).

* a Router on its 802.11-OCB
interface. The chip must use dedicated channels and should allow packet is captured on the use
of higher emission powers. This may require modifications to Host, using a network
protocol analyzer (e.g. Wireshark); the regulatory domains rules, if capture is performed in two
different modes: direct mode and 'monitor' mode. The topology used by
during the kernel capture is depicted below.

+--------+ +-------+
| | 802.11-OCB Link | |
---| Router |--------------------------------| Host |
| | | |
+--------+ +-------+

During several capture operations running from a few moments to
several hours, no message relevant to enforce
local specific restrictions. Such modifications must respect the location-specific laws.

MAC layer:

* All management frames (beacons, join, leave, and others)
emission and reception must be disabled except for frames of
subtype Action and Timing Advertisement (defined below).

* No encryption key or method must be used.

* Packet emission and reception must be performed as in ad-hoc
mode, using BSSID contexts were
captured (no Association Request/Response, Authentication Req/Resp,
Beacon). This shows that the wildcard BSSID (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff).

* The functions related to joining operation of 802.11-OCB is outside the
context of a BSS (Association Request/
Response) and for authentication (Authentication Request/Reply,
Challenge) BSSID.

Overall, the captured message is identical with a capture of an IPv6
packet emitted on a 802.11b interface. The contents are not called.

* precisely
similar.

E.1. Capture in Monitor Mode

The beacon interval is always set to 0 (zero).

* Timing Advertisement frames, defined IPv6 RA packet captured in monitor mode is illustrated below.
The radio tap header provides more flexibility for reporting the amendment, should
be supported.
characteristics of frames. The upper layer should be able to trigger such
frames emission Radiotap Header is prepended by this
particular stack and operating system on the Host machine to retrieve information contained in the RA
packet received Timing Advertisements.

Appendix C. Design Considerations

The networks defined by 802.11-OCB are in many ways similar to other
networks of from the 802.11 family. In theory, network (the Radiotap Header is not present
on the encapsulation air). The implementation-dependent Radiotap Header is useful
for piggybacking PHY information from the chip's registers as data in
a packet understandable by userland applications using Socket
interfaces (the PHY interface can be, for example: power levels, data
rate, ratio of IPv6
over 802.11-OCB could be very similar signal to noise).

The packet present on the operation of air is formed by IEEE 802.11 Data Header,
Logical Link Control Header, IPv6 over
other networks of the Base Header and ICMPv6 Header.

IEEE 802.11 family. However, the high mobility,
strong link asymetry Data Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type/Subtype and very short connection makes the 802.11-OCB
link significantly different from other 802.11 networks. Also, the
automotive applications have specific requirements for reliability,
security Frame Ctrl | Duration |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receiver Address...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Receiver Address | Transmitter Address...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Transmitter Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BSS Id...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... BSS Id | Frag Number and privacy, which further add to the particularity Seq Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Logical-Link Control Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DSAP |I| SSAP |C| Control field | Org. code...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
... Organizational Code | Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

The value of the
802.11-OCB link.

C.1. Vehicle ID

Automotive networks require Data Rate field in the unique representation of each of
their node. Accordingly, a vehicle must be identified by at least
one unique identifier. The current specification at ETSI and at IEEE
1609 identifies a vehicle by its MAC address uniquely obtained from Radiotap header is set to 6
Mb/s. This indicates the 802.11-OCB NIC.

A MAC rate at which this RA was received.

The value of the Transmitter address uniquely obtained from a IEEE 802.11-OCB NIC
implicitely generates multiple vehicle IDs in case of multiple
802.11-OCB NICs. A mechanims the IEEE 802.11 Data Header
is set to uniquely identify a vehicle
irrespectively to 48bit value. The value of the different NICs and/or technologies destination address is required.

C.2. Reliability Requirements
33:33:00:00:00:1 (all-nodes multicast address). The dynamically changing topology, short connectivity, mobile
transmitter and receivers, different antenna heights, and many-to-
many communication types, make IEEE 802.11-OCB links significantly
different from other IEEE 802.11 links. Any IPv6 mechanism operating
on IEEE 802.11-OCB link MUST support strong link asymetry, spatio-
temporal link quality, fast address resolution value of the BSS
Id field is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, which is recognized by the network
protocol analyzer as being "broadcast". The Fragment number and transmission.

IEEE 802.11-OCB strongly differs from other 802.11 systems
sequence number fields are together set to operate
outside 0x90C6.

The value of the context of a Basic Service Set. This means Organization Code field in
practice that IEEE 802.11-OCB does not rely on a Base Station for all
Basic Service Set management. In particular, IEEE 802.11-OCB SHALL
NOT use beacons. Any IPv6 mechanism requiring L2 services from IEEE
802.11 beacons MUST support the Logical-Link Control
Header is set to 0x0, recognized as "Encapsulated Ethernet". The
value of the Type field is 0x86DD (hexadecimal 86DD, or otherwise
#86DD), recognized as "IPv6".

A Router Advertisement is periodically sent by the router to
multicast group address ff02::1. It is an alternative service.

Channel scanning being disabled, icmp packet type 134. The
IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB MUST
implement a mechanism Neighbor Discovery's Router Advertisement message contains an
8-bit field reserved for transmitter single-bit flags, as described in [RFC4861].

The IPv6 header contains the link local address of the router
(source) configured via EUI-64 algorithm, and receiver to converge destination address set
to a
common channel.

Authentication not being possible, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB MUST
implement ff02::1. Recent versions of network protocol analyzers (e.g.
Wireshark) provide additional informations for an distributed mechanism to authenticate transmitters IP address, if a
geolocalization database is present. In this example, the
geolocalization database is absent, and
receivers without the support of a DHCP server.

Time synchronization not being available, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB
MUST implement a higher layer mechanism "GeoIP" information is
set to unknown for time synchronization
between transmitters both source and receivers without destination addresses (although
the support of a NTP
server.

The IEEE 802.11-OCB link being asymetic, IPv6 over IEEE 802.11-OCB
MUST disable management mechanisms requesting acknowledgements or
replies.

The IEEE 802.11-OCB link having a short duration time, IPv6 over IEEE
802.11-OCB MUST implement fast IPv6 mobility management mechanisms.

C.3. Multiple interfaces

There source and destination addresses are considerations for 2 or more IEEE 802.11-OCB interface
cards per vehicle. For each vehicle taking part in road traffic, one
IEEE 802.11-OCB interface card could be fully allocated for Non IP
safety-critical communication. Any other IEEE 802.11-OCB may set to useful values).
This "GeoIP" can be used
for other type of traffic.

The mode of operation of these other wireless interfaces is not
clearly defined yet. One possibility a useful information to look up the city,
country, AS number, and other information for an IP address.

The Ethernet Type field in the logical-link control header is set to consider each card as
0x86dd which indicates that the frame transports an
independent network interface, with a specific IPv6 packet. In
the IEEE 802.11 data, the destination address is 33:33:00:00:00:01
which is the corresponding multicast MAC Address and address. The BSS id is a set
broadcast address of IPv6 addresses. Another possibility is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. Due to consider the set of
these wireless interfaces as a single network interface (not
including short link
duration between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure, there is
no need in IEEE 802.11-OCB interface used by Non IP safety
critical communications). This will require specific logic to
ensure, wait for example, the completion of association
and authentication procedures before exchanging data. IEEE
802.11-OCB enabled nodes use the wildcard BSSID (a value of all 1s)
and may start communicating as soon as they arrive on the
communication channel.

E.2. Capture in Normal Mode

The same IPv6 Router Advertisement packet described above (monitor
mode) is captured on the Host, in the Normal mode, and depicted
below.

Ethernet II Header
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...Destination | Source...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
...Source |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

One notices that packets meant for a vehicle in front are
actually sent by the radio in Radiotap Header, the front, or that multiple copies of IEEE 802.11 Data Header and
the same packet received by multiple interfaces Logical-Link Control Headers are treated as a
single packet. Treating each wireless interface as a separate
network interface pushes such issues to not present. On the application layer.

The privacy requirements of [] imply that if these multiple
interfaces are represented by many network interface, other hand,
a single
renumbering event SHALL cause renumbering of all these interfaces.
If one MAC changed and another stayed constant, external observers
would be able to correlate old and new values, and the privacy
benefits of randomization would be lost. header named Ethernet II Header is present.

The privacy requirements of Non IP safety-critical communications
imply that if a change of pseudonyme occurs, renumbering of all other
interfaces SHALL also occur.

C.4. MAC Address Generation

When designing Destination and Source addresses in the IPv6 over 802.11-OCB address mapping, we will
assume that Ethernet II header
contain the MAC Addresses will change during well defined
"renumbering events". The 48 bits randomized MAC addresses will have same values as the following characteristics:

o Bit "Local/Global" set to "locally admninistered".

o Bit "Unicast/Multicast" set to "Unicast".

o 46 remaining bits set to a random value, using a random number
generator that meets fields Receiver Address and
Transmitter Address present in the requirements of [RFC4086]. IEEE 802.11 Data Header in the
"monitor" mode capture.

The way to meet value of the randomization requirements is to retain 46 bits
from Type field in the output of a strong hash function, such as SHA256, taking Ethernet II header is 0x86DD
(recognized as
input a 256 bit local secret, "IPv6"); this value is the "nominal" MAC Address of same value as the
interface, and a representation value of
the date and time of field Type in the
renumbering event.

Appendix D. IEEE 802.11 Messages Transmitted Logical-Link Control Header in OCB the "monitor"
mode

For information, at capture.

The knowledgeable experimenter will no doubt notice the time similarity of writing,
this Ethernet II Header with a capture in normal mode on a pure
Ethernet cable interface.

An Adaptation layer is the list inserted on top of a pure IEEE 802.11 messages that may be transmitted MAC
layer, in OCB mode, i.e. when
dot11OCBActivated is true order to adapt packets, before delivering the payload data
to the applications. It adapts 802.11 LLC/MAC headers to Ethernet II
headers. In further detail, this adaptation consists in a STA:

o The STA may send management frames of subtype Action and, if the
STA maintains a TSF Timer, subtype Timing Advertisement;

o The STA may send control frames, except those
elimination of subtype PS-Poll,
CF-End, the Radiotap, 802.11 and CF-End plus CFAck;

o The STA may send data frames of subtype Data, Null, QoS Data, LLC headers, and
QoS Null. in the
insertion of the Ethernet II header. In this way, IPv6 runs straight
over LLC over the 802.11-OCB MAC layer; this is further confirmed by
the use of the unique Type 0x86DD.

Authors' Addresses

Alexandre Petrescu
CEA, LIST
CEA Saclay
Gif-sur-Yvette , Ile-de-France 91190
France

Phone: +33169089223
Email: Alexandre.Petrescu@cea.fr

Nabil Benamar
Moulay Ismail University
Morocco

Phone: +212670832236
Email: benamar73@gmail.com
Jerome Haerri
Eurecom
Sophia-Antipolis 06904
France

Phone: +33493008134
Email: Jerome.Haerri@eurecom.fr

Christian Huitema
Private Octopus Inc.
Friday Harbor, WA 98250
U.S.A.

Email: huitema@huitema.net

Jong-Hyouk Lee
Sangmyung University
31, Sangmyeongdae-gil, Dongnam-gu
Cheonan 31066
Republic of Korea

Email: jonghyouk@smu.ac.kr

Thierry Ernst
YoGoKo
France

Email: thierry.ernst@yogoko.fr

Tony Li
Peloton Technology
1060 La Avenida St.
Mountain View, California 94043
United States

Phone: +16503957356
Email: tony.li@tony.li